The cerebral cortex – the part of the brain for learning and thinking – is usually underdeveloped in premature babies, but in infants who consumed high levels of breast milk it quickly resembled those of babies born to term.
Experts say that feeding premature babies with breast milk could help reduce the developmental and learning problems associated with preterm birth.
Pre-term birth
Every year, 15 million children worldwide are born pre-term – before 37 weeks – and it is still the biggest cause of death and disability among newborn babies.
Children who are born early are more likely to develop problems that affect their entire lives such as learning difficulties, problems with their sight and hearing, behavioural issues and cerebral palsy.
Breast milk
Researchers from University scanned the brains of 212 babies who were part of the Theirworld Edinburgh Birth Cohort, a study which monitors the progress of premature babies from birth to adulthood.
The group included 135 babies who were born before 32 weeks of pregnancy and 77 who were born to term. Researchers collected information about how premature babies were fed during neonatal intensive care and brain scans for all babies were performed around 40 weeks from conception.
Brain scans revealed that babies who received higher amounts of breast milk – from their mother or a donor – had a more mature cerebral cortex compared with those who received less, similar to the scans of babies born to term.
Supporting development
Breast milk contains many elements – such as a favourable balance of fats, proteins and minerals, and a range of other beneficial factors that help babies’ immunity – that could support brain development, experts say.
Further research is needed to understand their exact role in allowing premature babies’ brains to catch up with the development seen in term babies.
Our findings suggest that brain development in the weeks after preterm birth is improved in babies who receive greater amounts of breast milk. Mothers of preterm babies should be supported to express breast milk, if they are able to, whilst their baby is in the neonatal unit as this may offer the best chance of healthy brain development.
Dr Gemma Sullivan
Senior Clinical Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh’s MRC Centre for Reproductive Health and Consultant Neonatologist at NHS Lothian
Children’s charity
The Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory was set up in 2004 at the University of Edinburgh as a pioneering project of Theirworld, the global children’s charity.
It works to better identify women at risk of premature birth, explore the development of treatments to prevent early labour and research how to better help newborn babies in the first hours and days after birth.
The research and discoveries from the Theirworld Edinburgh Birth Cohort are truly remarkable. This world-first study is equipping scientists and doctors with valuable information that is expanding the frontiers of medical science and improving the life chances of premature babies. I will forever be grateful to the families participating in the study who are dedicated to sharing information about their own babies, helping to give other premature babies the best start in life.
Sarah Brown
Chair of Theirworld
The findings have been published in the Annals of Neurology: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.26559.
The work was funded by Theirworld and took place at the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory in the Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health at the University of Edinburgh and the Simpson’s Centre for Reproductive Health at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.
